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6 Of Whitby’s Finest Restaurants With Breathtaking Views To Discover

Whitby straddles two sides of the River Esk offering the seaside town’s greatest highlight the incredible Whitby Harbour. Due to the fantastic views this offers, it’s no surprise that visitors look for restaurants that offer fantastic views. So, we’ve deep-dived into Whitby’s vast culinary scene to give you the top Whitby restaurants with a view overlooking the quaint fishing town. From seafood spots to modern food offerings a unique experience on your next visit.

1. The Marine Bar & Restaurant

The Marine bar describes themself as having relaxed seaside charm in Whitby. It offers fantastic views of Whitby Abbey, that’s if you can take your eyes away from the venue itself, which is incredible decorated including the artwork on the outside of the building as well.

The menu consists of a range of seafood starters such as scallops, fish cakes, Marine Gravalax, which is cured in house. The mains includes a range of fish offerings such as Moules Frittes sea trout, seafood linguini, crab linguini and more. They also offering a rack of lamb, steak and supreme chicken for those not wanting anything fishy. The Marine Hotel, 13 Marine Parade, Whitby, North Yorkshire, YO21 3PR

2. The Fisherman’s Wife – Whitby Restaurants With A View

The Fisherman’s Wife is an amazing fish & chips spot in Whitby with some of the best sea views on the bay. And, with 50 years of experience you know your getting some of the finest and freshest produce in the UK.

The restaurants crab and lobster are caught daily from local Whitby waters with meat supplied locally from Radford’s award-winning butchers in Sleights. If you’re looking for some of the finest fish & chips in Whitby then make sure you give this a go on your next trip. The Fisherman’s Wife, Khyber Pass, Whitby, North Yorkshire YO21 3PZ

3. Abbey Wharf

Looking out towards Whitby’s famous East and West Piers, Abbey Wharf is a wonderful place to dine or go for a drink if you’re wanting to take in the most beautiful views Whitby has to offer.

Along with serving delicious seafood,the Whitby restaurant also serves up a range or traditional beers, wine and spirits along with a range of world beers. Feeling fruity? They have cocktails freshly shacken bar the bar staff. Abbey Wharf Restaurant, Market Place, Whitby, North Yorkshire, YO22 4DD

Read More: 10 Of The Cosiest Pubs In Whitby To Visit

4. Quayside

Those red roofs of Whitby’s fish town look even better when your dining on award-winning fish and chips with a glass of vino in one of the seaside towns most popular restaurants. Quayside serves proper Yorkshire fish and chips and is proud of Britain’s 150 plus years of heritage when it comes to the nation’s favourite dish.

Also on the menu along with the fish & chips is a delicious gourmet burger, a classic steak and ale pie, and a jumbo battered sausage and chips with a huge list of sides including the classic homemade mushy peas, gravy and curry sauce.

5. The Moon and Sixpence – Whitby Restaurants With View

Another one of the Whitby restaurants found along the harbour, the stylish The Moon and Sixpence restaurant and bar in Whitby is a fantastic place to meet up for drinks and food in town whilst enjoying great views of Whitby.

The modern bar which serves up a range of beers, ciders and wines is perfect for sunny days in Whitby, North Yorkshire and one on our bucket list for our next visit to the seaside town. The Moon and Sixpence, Marine Parade, Whitby YO21 3PR

There are many more places to eat in Whitby that have fantastic views, but these are some that we’d highly recommend. The best part of Whitby to us sometimes is grabbing some fish & chips and going to sit on one of the benches along the harbour – then your view is wherever you choose to park yourself up.

6. The Magpie Cafe, Whitby Restaurants

An institution in Whitby, not only does The Magpie Cafe serve up tasty fish & chips, but it also offers some fantastic dishes and wines as well. You can enjoy mussels, and Magpie’s fish pie, and you can also create your own grilled seafood and meat platter.

Mainly known for its fantastic fish and chips, if you’re wanting the classic seaside treat then you may as well have the best and Magpie Cafe is just that. The Magpie Cafe, 14 Pier Rd, Whitby YO21 3PU

Read More: 14 Of The Very Best Things To Do In Whitby

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Whitby Yacht Club

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701 Gordon St

Whitby, ON L1N 9X4

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My son has been going to the summer camps for seven years. I can't say enough good things about this gem of a summer sailing program. From intro sailing for little kids (called Mosquitos) to more advanced sailing programs (White Sail) to advanced sailing techniques and racing (Broze, Silver, Gold), the WYC is a superb place for smart, active, eager kids who love the water and want to learn many life lessons and skills they will hold onto for the rest of their lives. Our favourite instructor Ian has moved on and now Emma has taken over. My son raves about Emma and the other instructors. Both on water and classroom instruction. The little kids play games too and have fun. Sunscreen required...at least SPF 45, applied at least twice a day. At the end of the year there is a banquet and the kids get their diplomas, have a meal and awards are handed out. Trust me, this is a great summer program. Space is limited. Go to www.wyc.ca and check out the summer school brochure and schedule. We're not members of the club, you dont need to be either. I hope a couple of members review the club itself...seems like a great group of people.

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research and development , in industry , two intimately related processes by which new products and new forms of old products are brought into being through technological innovation .

Research and development, a phrase unheard of in the early part of the 20th century, has since become a universal watchword in industrialized nations. The concept of research is as old as science; the concept of the intimate relationship between research and subsequent development, however, was not generally recognized until the 1950s. Research and development is the beginning of most systems of industrial production. The innovations that result in new products and new processes usually have their roots in research and have followed a path from laboratory idea, through pilot or prototype production and manufacturing start-up, to full-scale production and market introduction. The foundation of any innovation is an invention . Indeed, an innovation might be defined as the application of an invention to a significant market need. Inventions come from research—careful, focused, sustained inquiry, frequently trial and error. Research can be either basic or applied, a distinction that was established in the first half of the 20th century.

Basic research is defined as the work of scientists and others who pursue their investigations without conscious goals, other than the desire to unravel the secrets of nature. In modern programs of industrial research and development, basic research (sometimes called pure research) is usually not entirely “pure”; it is commonly directed toward a generalized goal, such as the investigation of a frontier of technology that promises to address the problems of a given industry. An example of this is the research being done on gene splicing or cloning in pharmaceutical company laboratories.

Applied research carries the findings of basic research to a point where they can be exploited to meet a specific need, while the development stage of research and development includes the steps necessary to bring a new or modified product or process into production. In Europe , the United States , and Japan the unified concept of research and development has been an integral part of economic planning , both by government and by private industry.

The first organized attempt to harness scientific skill to communal needs took place in the 1790s, when the young revolutionary government in France was defending itself against most of the rest of Europe. The results were remarkable. Explosive shells, the semaphore telegraph, the captive observation balloon, and the first method of making gunpowder with consistent properties all were developed during this period.

The lesson was not learned permanently, however, and another half century was to pass before industry started to call on the services of scientists to any serious extent. At first the scientists consisted of only a few gifted individuals. Robert W. Bunsen, in Germany, advised on the design of blast furnaces. William H. Perkin, in England, showed how dyes could be synthesized in the laboratory and then in the factory. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), in Scotland, supervised the manufacture of telecommunication cables. In the United States, Leo H. Baekeland, a Belgian, produced Bakelite, the first of the plastics. There were inventors, too, such as John B. Dunlop, Samuel Morse, and Alexander Graham Bell , who owed their success more to intuition , skill, and commercial acumen than to scientific understanding.

While industry in the United States and most of western Europe was still feeding on the ideas of isolated individuals, in Germany a carefully planned effort was being mounted to exploit the opportunities that scientific advances made possible. Siemens, Krupp, Zeiss, and others were establishing laboratories and, as early as 1900, employed several hundred people on scientific research. In 1870 the Physicalische Technische Reichsanstalt (Imperial Institute of Physics and Technology) was set up to establish common standards of measurement throughout German industry. It was followed by the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (later renamed the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science), which provided facilities for scientific cooperation between companies.

In the United States, the Cambria Iron Company set up a small laboratory in 1867, as did the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1875. The first case of a laboratory that spent a significant part of its parent company’s revenues was that of the Edison Electric Light Company, which employed a staff of 20 in 1878. The U.S. National Bureau of Standards was established in 1901, 31 years after its German counterpart, and it was not until the years immediately preceding World War I that the major American companies started to take research seriously. It was in this period that General Electric , Du Pont, American Telephone & Telegraph, Westinghouse, Eastman Kodak, and Standard Oil set up laboratories for the first time.

Except for Germany, progress in Europe was even slower. When the National Physical Laboratory was founded in England in 1900, there was considerable public comment on the danger to Britain’s economic position of German dominance in industrial research, but there was little action. Even in France, which had an outstanding record in pure science , industrial penetration was negligible.

World War I produced a dramatic change. Attempts at rapid expansion of the arms industry in the belligerent as well as in most of the neutral countries exposed weaknesses in technology as well as in organization and brought an immediate appreciation of the need for more scientific support. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in the United Kingdom was founded in 1915, and the National Research Council in the United States in 1916. These bodies were given the task of stimulating and coordinating the scientific support to the war effort, and one of their most important long-term achievements was to convince industrialists, in their own countries and in others, that adequate and properly conducted research and development were essential to success.

At the end of the war the larger companies in all the industrialized countries embarked on ambitious plans to establish laboratories of their own; and, in spite of the inevitable confusion in the control of activities that were novel to most of the participants, there followed a decade of remarkable technical progress. The automobile, the airplane, the radio receiver, the long-distance telephone, and many other inventions developed from temperamental toys into reliable and efficient mechanisms in this period. The widespread improvement in industrial efficiency produced by this first major injection of scientific effort went far to offset the deteriorating financial and economic situation.

The economic pressures on industry created by the Great Depression reached crisis levels by the early 1930s, and the major companies started to seek savings in their research and development expenditure. It was not until World War II that the level of effort in the United States and Britain returned to that of 1930. Over much of the European continent the depression had the same effect, and in many countries the course of the war prevented recovery after 1939. In Germany Nazi ideology tended to be hostile to basic scientific research, and effort was concentrated on short-term work.

The picture at the end of World War II provided sharp contrasts. In large parts of Europe industry had been devastated, but the United States was immensely stronger than ever before. At the same time the brilliant achievements of the men who had produced radar, the atomic bomb , and the V-2 rocket had created a public awareness of the potential value of research that ensured it a major place in postwar plans. The only limit was set by the shortage of trained persons and the demands of academic and other forms of work.

Since 1945 the number of trained engineers and scientists in most industrial countries has increased each year. The U.S. effort has stressed aircraft, defense, space, electronics , and computers. Indirectly, U.S. industry in general has benefited from this work, a situation that compensates in part for the fact that in specifically nonmilitary areas the number of persons employed in the United States is lower in relation to population than in a number of other countries.

Outside the air, space, and defense fields the amount of effort in different industries follows much the same pattern in different countries, a fact made necessary by the demands of international competition. (An exception was the former Soviet Union , which devoted less R and D resources to nonmilitary programs than most other industrialized nations.) An important point is that countries like Japan, which have no significant aircraft or military space industries, have substantially more manpower available for use in the other sectors. The preeminence of Japan in consumer electronics, cameras, and motorcycles and its strong position in the world automobile market attest to the success of its efforts in product innovation and development.

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A Brief History of R&D

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Updated: May 5, 2023 | Original: December 18, 2012

1. The Printing Press

Prior to the rise of the Internet, no innovation did more for the spread and democratization of knowledge than Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press . Developed around 1440 in Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg’s machine improved on already existing presses through the use of a mold that allowed for the rapid production of lead alloy-type pieces. This assembly line method of copying books enabled a single printing press to create as many as 3,600 pages per day. By 1500 over 1,000 Gutenberg presses were operating in Europe, and by 1600 they had created over 200 million new books. The printing press not only made books affordable for the lower classes, but it helped spark the Age of Enlightenment and facilitated the spread of new and often controversial ideas. In 1518 followers of the German monk Martin Luther used the printing press to copy and disseminate his seminal work “ The Ninety-Five Theses ,” which jumpstarted the Protestant Reformation and spurred conflicts like the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48). The printing press proved so influential in prompting revolutions, religious upheaval and scientific thought that Mark Twain would later write, “What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg.”

2. The Compass

Magnetic compasses may have been made somewhat obsolete by satellites and global positioning systems, but their impact on early navigation and exploration was inestimable. Originally invented in China , by the 14th century compasses had widely replaced astronomical means as the primary navigational instrument for mariners. The compass provided explorers with a reliable method for traversing the world’s oceans, a breakthrough that ignited the Age of Discovery and won Europe the wealth and power that later fueled the Industrial Revolution . Most importantly, the compass allowed for interaction—both peaceful and otherwise—between previously isolated world cultures.

3. Paper Currency

Throughout much of human history, money took the form of precious metals, coins and even raw materials like livestock or vegetables. The inception of paper money ushered in a bold new era—a world in which currency could purchase goods and services despite having no intrinsic value. Paper currency was widely used in China in the ninth century, but did not appear in Europe until the late 1600s. Spurred on by frequent shortages of coins, banks issued paper notes as a promise against future payments of precious metals. By the late 19th century many nations had begun issuing government-backed legal tender that could no longer be converted into gold or silver. The switch to paper money not only bailed out struggling governments during times of crisis—as it did for the United States during the Civil War —but it also ushered in a new era of international monetary regulation that changed the face of global economics. Perhaps even more importantly, paper currency was the vital first step in a new monetary system that led to the birth of credit cards and electronic banking.

While early human societies made extensive use of stone, bronze and iron, it was steel that fueled the Industrial Revolution and built modern cities. Evidence of steel tools dates back 4,000 years, but the alloy was not mass-produced until the invention of the Bessemer Process, a technique for creating steel using molten pig iron, in the 1850s. Steel then exploded into one of the biggest industries on the planet and was used in the creation of everything from bridges and railroads to skyscrapers and engines. It proved particularly influential in North America, where massive iron ore deposits helped the United States become one of the world’s biggest economies.

5. The Electric Light

While they are easy to take for granted, all it takes is a short power outage to remind us of the importance of artificial lights. Pioneered in the early 19th century by Humphry Davy and his carbon arc lamp, electric lights developed throughout the 1800s thanks to the efforts of inventors like Warren de la Rue, Joseph Wilson Swan and Thomas Alva Edison . It was Edison and Swan who patented the first long-lasting light bulbs in 1879 and 1880, liberating society from a near-total reliance on daylight. Electric lights went on to be used in everything from home lighting and street lamps to flashlights and car headlights. The complex networks of wires erected to power early light bulbs also helped lead to the first domestic electrical wiring, paving the way for countless other in-home appliances.

6. Domestication of the Horse

Since their domestication some 5,500 years ago, horses have been inextricably tied to human development. They enabled people to travel great distances and gave different cultures the chance to trade and exchange ideas and technology. Equine strength and agility meant that horses could also carry cargo, plow farmland and even clear forests. Perhaps most influential of all, horses changed the nature of war. Nothing was more feared than a horse-drawn chariot or a mounted warrior, and societies that mastered the use of cavalry typically prevailed in battle.

7. Transistors

A criminally under-appreciated innovation, the transistor is an essential component in nearly every modern electronic gadget. First developed in late 1947 by Bell Laboratories, these tiny semiconductor devices allow for precise control of the amount and flow of current through circuit boards. Originally used in radios, transistors have since become an elemental piece of the circuitry in countless electronic devices including televisions, cell phones and computers. The amount of transistors in integrated circuits doubles nearly every two years—a phenomenon known as Moore’s Law—so their remarkable impact on technology will only continue to grow.

8. Magnifying Lenses

Magnifying lenses might seem like an unremarkable invention, but their use has offered mankind a glimpse of everything from distant stars and galaxies to the minute workings of living cells. Lenses first came into use in the 13th century as an aid for the weak-sighted, and the first microscopes and telescopes followed in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Figures like Robert Hook and Anton van Leeuwenhoek would go on to use microscopes in the early observance of cells and other particles, while Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler employed the telescope to chart Earth’s place in the cosmos. These early uses were the first steps in the development of astonishing devices like the electron microscope and the Hubble Space Telescope . Magnifying lenses have since led to new breakthroughs in an abundance of fields including astronomy, biology, archeology, optometry and surgery.

9. The Telegraph

The telegraph was the first in a long line of communications breakthroughs that later included radio, telephones and email. Pioneered by a variety of inventors in the 18th and 19th centuries, the telegraph used Samuel Morse’s famous Morse code to convey messages by intermittently stopping the flow of electricity along communications wires. Telegraph lines multiplied throughout the 1850s, and by 1902 transoceanic cables encircled the globe. The original telegraph and its wireless successors went on to be the first major advancements in worldwide communication. The ability to send messages rapidly across great distances made an indelible impact on government, trade, banking, industry, warfare and news media, and formed the bedrock of the information age.

10. Antibiotics

A giant step forward in the field of medicine, antibiotics saved millions of lives by killing and preventing the growth of harmful bacteria. Scientists like Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister were the first to recognize and attempt to combat bacteria, but it was Alexander Fleming who made the first leap in antibiotics when he accidentally discovered the bacteria-inhibiting mold known as penicillin in 1928. Antibiotics proved to be a major improvement on antiseptics—which killed human cells along with bacteria—and their use spread rapidly throughout the 20th century. Nowhere was their effect more apparent than on the battlefield: While nearly 20 percent of soldiers who contracted bacterial pneumonia died in World War I , with antibiotics—namely Penicillin—that number dropped to only 1 percent during World War II . Antibiotics including penicillin, vancomycin, cephalosporin and streptomycin have gone on to fight nearly every known form of infection, including influenza, malaria, meningitis, tuberculosis and most sexually transmitted diseases.

11. The Steam Engine

Cars, airplanes, factories, trains, spacecraft—none of these transportation methods would have been possible if not for the early breakthrough of the steam engine. The first practical use of external combustion dates back to 1698, when Thomas Savery developed a steam-powered water pump. Steam engines were then perfected in the late 1700s by James Watt, and went on to fuel one of the most momentous technological leaps in human history during the Industrial Revolution . Throughout the 1800s external combustion allowed for exponential improvement in transportation, agriculture and manufacturing, and also powered the rise of world superpowers like Great Britain and the United States. Most important of all, the steam engine’s basic principle of energy-into-motion set the stage for later innovations like internal combustion engines and jet turbines, which prompted the rise of cars and aircraft during the 20th century.

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What is the history of Research and Development laboratories?

When did Research and Development laboratories (R&D labs) emerge? What was the institutional and intellectual context? Have they undergone major changes in their nature? What role have R&D labs played in their surrounding economy?

engineering

4 I'm very uncomfortable with questions that are based on an unsourced, unsupported opinion. Could you possibly do the preliminary research through google and come back with a question that is more precise? – MCW ♦ Commented Nov 15, 2013 at 12:32
Many inventions have come out of R&D labs, sure, but I see no reason to believe that it's "most" inventions, and it certainly is not most of progress however you define it. – Lennart Regebro Commented Nov 15, 2013 at 12:49
The origins and progression of the modern applied science laboratory (R&D is essentially applied science) is a very interesting topic, and surprisingly difficult to track down. – RI Swamp Yankee Commented Nov 15, 2013 at 13:43
3 I'm unsure if you'd consider Leonardo DaVinci's studio an "R&D lab". – T.E.D. ♦ Commented Nov 15, 2013 at 17:22
3 It's an interesting (and important) question for sure, but perhaps "R&D Lab" needs to be better defined. What counts as an "R&D Lab"? A corporate research facility? A government national lab? A research university science department? A private think tank? The garages where many tech companies started? Someone's basement? Which of these are "R&D Labs"? – ChickenGod Commented Nov 16, 2013 at 3:53

When did Research and Development laboratories (R&D labs) emerge?

In the late 19th and early 20th century.

What was the institutional and intellectual context?

In Miller 2011 it is clear that the R&D lab emerged as the Taylorisation of research and development of technology for the capitalist market. Intellectually, I see them as having some basis in the 19th century development of scientific experimentalism and its formalisation.

Have they undergone major changes in their nature?

During the 1940s states became highly interested in "science" and "engineering" and increased funding and regularised both University and Non-University applied research cultures.

What role have R&D labs played in their surrounding economy?

While this is too complex to answer in a limited manner, R&D labs have been influential in driving patent law and the commodification of knowledge, and they have also been a primary way for large institutions to control the development and dispersal of applied knowledge.

Significantly, R&D Labs have been highly influential in the proletarianisation of research work.

Sources: Miller DP, 2011, 'The Paradoxes of Patenting at General Electric: Isador Ladoff's Journey from Siberian Exile to the Heart of Corporate Capitalism', Isis: international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 634 - 658

"Technoscience" debate in STS / HPS

"Discovery narrative" debate in STS / HPS

Generally you'll want to read a fair bit of modern era Science and Technology Studies / History and Philosophy of Science works.

1 +1 overall but I really must ask: what exactly is "proletarianisation of research work"? – Felix Goldberg Commented Nov 26, 2013 at 8:55
Proletarianisation in the technical sense of a reduction of work to wage labour. 19th century development happened individually, and often as a vocation expressed by bourgeois. Or as Miller attests in relation to earlier "Discoveries" in collective situations of work (steel manufacture) where the work itself (steel) was the object of research. The "research lab" produced "research" as a form of commodified labour paid a wage. Labs, through concentration, regularisation, wage, etc. have been part of reducing post-docs, for example, to the status of low paid workers. – Samuel Russell Commented Nov 26, 2013 at 23:13

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An Overview of Research and Development in Academia

First Online: 03 February 2022

Cite this chapter

Elias Baydoun 4 ,
Joelle Mesmar 4 ,
Abdul Rahman Beydoun 5 &
John R. Hillman 6

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This overview chapter encompasses the main underpinning themes of research and development (R&D) of universities around the world. Our observations and opinions apply equally to public-sector university-linked research institutes that conduct mainly original research as opposed to policy research. After an Introduction that includes defining the terms used in the chapter and scoping the topic, the main 13 sections of the chapter cover (a) R&D as a fundamental feature of human development reflecting the inherent curiosity of humans and their ability to learn and implement their knowledge. (b) The rationale for modern governments to invest in R&D, referring to the New Growth Theory and meeting the needs of modern societies. (c) The rationale for private-sector organisations to invest in R&D to ensure their long-term sustainability and competitiveness. (d) The various definitions and concepts of R&D. and Research & Experimental Development. (e) The roles and implications of the rapidly expanding number of transformative technologies that are not only profoundly transforming virtually all R&D but also the operation of modern societies including universities. (f) The need for specialist facilities, staffing, and learned societies for R&D to thrive. (g) The importance of international collaboration. (h) Funding sources for R&D. (i) The actuality of academic R&D, including both good practice and deleterious effects of poor management. (j) The pivotal wide-ranging roles of governments. (k) Impediments to successful R&D in both the public and private sectors. (l) Geopolitical aspects of R&D, and (m) Future of R&D. The Conclusions Section considers recommendations on R&D policies for the Arab world as well as for developing economies based on our global analysis of R&D.

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Baydoun, E., Mesmar, J., Beydoun, A.R., Hillman, J.R. (2022). An Overview of Research and Development in Academia. In: Badran, A., Baydoun, E., Hillman, J.R. (eds) Higher Education in the Arab World: Research and Development. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80122-9_2

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This guide is an introduction to selected resources available for historical research. It covers both primary sources (such as diaries, letters, newspaper articles, photographs, government documents and first-hand accounts) and secondary materials (such as books and articles written by historians and devoted to the analysis and interpretation of historical events and evidence).

"Research in history involves developing an understanding of the past through the examination and interpretation of evidence. Evidence may exist in the form of texts, physical remains of historic sites, recorded data, pictures, maps, artifacts, and so on. The historian’s job is to find evidence, analyze its content and biases, corroborate it with further evidence, and use that evidence to develop an interpretation of past events that holds some significance for the present.

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Learning Historical Research Learning to Do Historical Research: A Primer for Environmental Historians and Others by William Cronon and his students, University of Wisconsin A website designed as a basic introduction to historical research for anyone and everyone who is interested in exploring the past.
Reading, Writing, and Researching for History: A Guide for College Students by Patrick Rael, Bowdoin College Guide to all aspects of historical scholarship—from reading a history book to doing primary source research to writing a history paper.
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This bold and ambitious handbook is the first systematic overview of the history of development ideas, themes, and actors in the twentieth century. Taking stock of the field, the book reflects on blind spots, points out avenues for future research, and brings together a greater plurality of regions, actors, and approaches than other publications on the subject. The book offers a critical reassessment of how historical experiences have shaped contemporary understandings of development, demonstrating that the seemingly self-evident concept of development has been contingent on a combination of material conditions, power structures, and policy choices at different times and in different places. Using a world history approach, the handbook highlights similarities in development challenges across time and space, and it pays attention to the meanings of ideological, cultural, and economic divides in shaping different understandings and practices of development. Taking a thematic approach, the book shows how different actors – governments, non-governmental organizations, individuals, corporations, and international organizations – have responded to concerns regarding the conditions in their own or other societies, such as the provision of education, health, or food; approaches to infrastructure development and industrialization; the adjustment of social conditions; population policies and migration; and the maintenance of stability and security. Bringing together a range of voices from across the globe, this book will be perfect for advanced students and researchers of international development history.

Corinna R. Unger is Professor of Global and Colonial History (nineteenth and twentieth centuries), European University Institute, Florence, Italy. Iris Borowy is Distinguished Professor, Shanghai University, College of Liberal Arts, China. Corinne A. Pernet is Director of the Department of International Educational Development at Zurich University of Teacher Education, Switzerland.

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Research and development: u.s. trends and international comparisons.

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Executive Summary

Key takeaways:

The U.S. research and experimental development (R&D) performance reached $667 billion in 2019 and an estimated $708 billion in 2020, reflecting increases in all sectors (business, higher education, the federal government, nonprofit organizations, and others) but mostly in the business sector.

Adjusted for inflation, growth of the U.S. R&D total averaged 3.8% annually from 2010 to 2019, well above the 2.2% growth of U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) over the same period.
The U.S. national R&D intensity (R&D-to-GDP ratio)—a key measure of R&D investment—has also increased, from the highs of recent years of 2.79% in 2016 and 2.95% in 2018 to 3.12% in 2019 and then to an estimated 3.39% in 2020.
The United States remains the global leader in R&D performance (28% of global R&D in 2019), followed by China ($526 billion, or 22% of global R&D). China’s current average annual rate of increase (2010–19), however, is almost double the U.S. rate.
Global R&D performance is concentrated in a few countries. The United States, China, Japan, Germany, South Korea, France, India, and the United Kingdom jointly accounted for about 75% of global R&D performance in 2019. The global concentration of R&D performance continues to shift from the United States and Europe to East-Southeast and South Asia.
Businesses are the predominant performers (75% in 2019) and funders (72%) of U.S. R&D. This sector performs most of U.S. R&D classified as experimental development, more than half of applied research, and a sizable (and increasing) share of basic research (32% in 2019).
Higher education institutions (12% in 2019) and the federal government (9%) are the second- and third-largest performers of U.S. R&D. Higher education institutions are the largest performers of basic research. Both have experienced declines in their shares of the U.S. performance total since 2010.
The federal government continues to be an important source of support for all R&D-performing sectors and remains the largest funder of basic research. The share of federally funded R&D, however, has been on a path of decline since 2010 (from 31% in 2010 to 20% in 2019), and the share of federally funded basic research has also consistently declined (from 52% in 2010 to 41% in 2019). These declines stem, in part, naturally from the large increases in R&D funding and performance by the business sector in recent years. This trend, however, indicates that federal funding has not kept up with the increases in other sectors.

Scientific discoveries, new technologies, and inventive applications of cutting-edge knowledge are essential for success in the competitive global economy and in addressing challenges and opportunities in diverse societal areas such as health, environment, and national security. Consequently, the strength of a country’s overall R&D enterprise—both the public and private sectors—is an important marker of current and future national economic advantage and of the prospects for societal improvements at the national and global levels.

The U.S. R&D enterprise comprises the R&D efforts of various sectors, including businesses, the federal government, nonfederal governments, higher education institutions, and nonprofit organizations. U.S. R&D performance totaled $667 billion in 2019 and an estimated $708 billion in 2020, compared to $407 billion in 2010. (All amounts are reported in current dollars, unless otherwise noted.) These most recent increases in the performance total ($50 billion or more each year in 2018 and 2019) are much larger than the average annual increases over the 2010–16 period ($19 billion each year). The main driver of these sizable increases is business R&D performance. Adjusted for inflation, average annual growth in the U.S. R&D total has outpaced average GDP growth for nearly two decades—3.8% compared to 2.2% average growth in GDP from 2010 to 2019, and 2.1% compared to 1.8% growth in GDP in the prior decade. As a result, the national R&D intensity has been on a rising path, from 2.79% in 2016 (a high point at the time) and 2.95% in 2018 to 3.12% in 2019 (the first time the U.S. exceeded 3.0%), and it is estimated to be 3.39% in 2020.

Globally, R&D expenditures have risen substantially since 2000 to an estimated $2.4 trillion in 2019—a more than threefold increase from $725 billion in 2000 (not adjusted for inflation). This expansion reflects the increasing importance of R&D in contributing to economic growth and competition as well as the significant role of R&D in addressing national and global challenges. Global R&D performance, however, is concentrated in a few countries. The United States leads the world’s nations in R&D performance with a 28% global share in 2019, followed by China (22%). Together with Japan (7%), Germany (6%), South Korea (4%), France (3%), India (2%), and the United Kingdom (2%), these top eight R&D-performing countries account for about 75% of the global total R&D. Other countries with sizable R&D performance are (in decreasing order) Russia, Taiwan, Italy, Brazil, Canada, Spain, Turkey, the Netherlands, and Australia.

In this report, a larger gap is evident between the U.S. and China R&D totals than reported in earlier editions. S cience and Engineering Indicators 2020 puts China’s R&D at 90% (and increasing) of the U.S. level in 2017. Updated data in this report show China’s 2019 R&D total at 79% of the U.S. level, and the 2017 comparison has been revised downward to 76%. These changes resulted primarily from a comprehensive update, released in May 2020, of the purchasing power parity ratios used to convert a country’s R&D expenditures to U.S. dollar expenditures as a common measure across all countries. These latest revisions had a more sizable effect on China than on other major R&D-performing countries.

Even so, the average annual rate of increase in China’s R&D total (10.6% from 2010–19) continues to greatly exceed that of the United States (5.6%) and the European Union (EU-27) (5.6%). China’s notable rise in R&D performance and the strong R&D performance by other Asian countries—Japan, South Korea, India, and Taiwan—are the drivers behind the sustained rise of R&D performance in East-Southeast and South Asia. The combined R&D performance across these Asian regions rose from 25% to 39% of the global total from 2000 to 2019, while the U.S. and EU-27 shares declined from 37% to 28% and from 22% to 18%, respectively. These broad trends in the global geography of R&D have been noted in earlier editions of this report and are reinforced by the latest data, indicating that the prospects for a further global shift remain strong.

In the United States, the business sector is the predominant force behind the R&D enterprise (75% of performance and 72% of funding of U.S. R&D in 2019). Since 2010, about 80% or more of the increase in the U.S. total R&D each year is attributable to businesses. Consequently, annual changes in business R&D greatly influence the overall U.S. R&D total. Business R&D performance is concentrated in five industries: chemicals manufacturing; computer and electronic products; transportation equipment; information services; and professional, scientific, and technical services. Businesses perform most of the R&D classified as experimental development (90% in 2019) and more than half of the applied research (58%). The business share of basic research has been increasing significantly in recent years (from 21% in 2010 to 32% in 2019).

The other sectors also make important contributions to the U.S. R&D enterprise but represent a fraction of the spending by the business sector. Higher education institutions and the federal government are the second- and third-largest performers of U.S. R&D. In 2019, higher education institutions performed 12% of the U.S. R&D total, over 60% of which was basic research. That same year, federal intramural R&D—through federal agencies and federally funded R&D centers—accounted for about 9% of the U.S. total R&D. Both, however, have experienced declines in their shares since 2010. (Higher education institutions performed 14%, and the federal government 13%, of U.S. total R&D in 2010.)

The federal government plays a larger role in R&D funding compared to performance and supports all sectors, particularly higher education institutions and federal intramural R&D. The federal government remains the largest source of support for the nation’s basic research, although the share has dropped from 52% in 2010 to 41% in 2019. The federal government is also a sizable supporter of the nation’s applied research—32% in 2019, compared to 56% of the support from the business sector. Despite its widespread role of funding, the share of federally funded R&D has been in decline for most of the past decade. In 2010, federal funding supported 31% of the total of U.S. R&D performance but dropped to 20% in 2019—and is estimated to drop further in 2020. This decline is, in part, a consequence of the large increases in R&D funding from the business sector in recent years, indicating that federal funding has not kept up with increases in other sectors.

HI481 History Research Seminar: Topic Development

Topic Development
Interlibrary Loan
Periodicals
Citation Generators This link opens in a new window
Print Books

Preliminary Research

After selecting a preliminary topic it's a good idea to do a preliminary search on your topic. Wikipedia is a good place to start for gathering background information.

Some of the benefits of preliminary searching are:

Clarify the topic
Support background knowledge in order to develop your research focus
Identify key terminology for further searching
Understand gaps in the literature, what have people already researched? What questions still need to be answered?

Developing a Research Topic

Developing Your Research Topic This worksheet has examples of the many ways you a approach topic development. While you may already have a topic in mind, visualizing your topic using a concept map may help you identify other gaps in your research.

Concept Maps

Use a concept map to help visualize the relationship between different patterns within your data. How many of the below questions can you answer with your general knowledge of the topic?

After preliminary searching, see if you can answer the remainder or add to your original responses. Write down other questions you have on your topic; this will help you to narrow down your ideas.

Take a look at some of the other examples of concept maps -- There is no right or wrong way to do this brainstorming activity!

https://www.imperial.ac.uk/staff/educational-development/teaching-toolkit/educational-research-methods/methods/concept-maps/

Concept mapping your topic Another example of how to structure a concept map

Developing a Good Research Question

What Makes a Good Research Question? How can you formulate a good research question based on your initial topic interest? This resource will help you consider the many pieces that go into formulating a research question.

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9 discoveries that have fundamentally altered our understanding of human history

Archaeologists study artifacts, monuments, and other remains to get a better sense of human history.
What they discover often rewrites humans' past and changes the way we think about our species.
Modern technology like LiDAR expands upon earlier discoveries and leads to new revelations.

Over the centuries, our understanding of the human species has changed countless times through the discovery of archaeological sites like the Altamira cave paintings in Spain, and through the use of new technologies like LiDAR that help scientists rediscover entire cities

A piece of stone can unlock a lost language, while a peculiar fossil can launch an entire new field of science. Here are nine of some of the most significant archaeological discoveries in history that changed what humans know about our origins and culture through time.

Pompeii and Herculaneum gave a glimpse into the lives of everyday Roman citizens.

In 79 CE, Mount Vesuvius unleashed a torrent of ash and magma, killing thousands of people and preserving the ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum for over a millennia. Excavators rediscovered them in the early 1700s.

The cities were so well-preserved that they've given archeologists a unique look back in time at what life was like in ancient Rome for the wide range of people who lived there, from the very wealthy to those who were enslaved.

For example, excavators found a bakery's prison in Pompeii where barred windows locked in enslaved people.

And everyday objects like lime and bricks demonstrate how some buildings were constructed, possibly through a technique for making cement created by the Romans.

Other discoveries of graffiti and shrines have also advanced our understanding of ancient Romans. Back then, kids liked to express themselves by drawing on walls, too.

The Aztec Calendar Stone holds information about astronomy, agriculture, and more.

One of Mexico's most iconic artifacts — the Aztec Calendar Stone — is depicted on the country's coins. The giant stone was lost shortly after the Spanish colonized Central Mexico. But it was rediscovered in 1790.

Back then, Europeans had the common misconception that Mexico was home to "savage hordes." But when German explorer Alexander von Humboldt saw the stone in 1803, he realized his contemporaries were mistaken.

Then, in 1892, anthropologist Zelia Nuttall offered the first decoding of the stone's images. She used pre-Columbian writings to decipher them, finding clues about the complexities of Aztec culture , astronomy, and agriculture.

Scholars continue to debate the purpose of the centuries-old stone. Interpretations range from a sundial to a sacrificial altar to a calendar depicting an eclipse. Many experts believe the face in the center represents the sun god Tonatiuh.

Whatever its purpose, the stone revealed a culture steeped in ritual, creativity, and sophistication dismissed by Europeans.

Discovering Neanderthals sparked an entirely new field of scientific research.

In 1856, scientists began studying a skeleton found in Germany's Neander Valley. The bones resembled a human's but differed in several key ways: the skull was longer and the limbs were thicker.

The discovery fundamentally changed our understanding of human history because it was the first proof of the existence of some of our closest relatives .

The discovery sparked an entirely new field of science: paleoanthropology, aka the study of early humans through fossils.

Since this groundbreaking discovery, our understanding of Neanderthals has evolved from seeing them as distant, less intelligent relatives to a group that fundamentally changed our own DNA.

In 2022, Svante Pääbo won a Nobel Prize for sequencing the Neanderthal genome, which showed their DNA is 99.7% identical to our own. Some Neanderthal genes remain in humans today, too.

Recent studies suggest that humans and Neanderthals interbred enough that the extinct species left traces in our genome that impact our metabolism and risk for diseases like diabetes.

Moreover, many archaeological discoveries concerning their culture, including cave art and toolmaking, have illuminated the many ways our long-lost human relatives were more intelligent and refined than we've given them credit for in the past.

Altamira cave paintings show that ancient humans were capable of sophisticated art.

The Altamira cave paintings, located in northern Spain, were the first to show that prehistoric people were capable of creating sophisticated art and had a much richer culture of storytelling and ritual than previously thought.

The Paleolithic cave art was first discovered in 1868 and depicts bison, deer, and other animals. Scientists have dated the paintings to be between 13,000 to 14,000 years old.

In the decades since the Altamira cave's discovery, researchers have found many more examples of prehistoric cave art. The imagery changes from abstract to more realistic over thousands of years, showing the development of communication and the use of symbols in modern humans and their relatives.

Photography techniques and virtual reality also bring ancient art to life in new ways.

Humans domesticated dogs before any other animal.

Experts think dogs were the first animals we domesticated , around 15,000 years ago, though some suggest it was even earlier.

These early versions of dogs were likely useful, acting as guards , helping with transportation, and sometimes serving as food.

But a 2018 study of a dog burial from 14,000 years ago showed that some humans didn't just view the animals as helpful assistants.

They formed emotional attachments and cared for their dogs when the animals were sick. Not so different from how we treat dogs today .

"We suggest that at least some Paleolithic humans regarded some of their dogs not merely materialistically, in terms of their utilitarian value, but already had a strong emotional bond with these animals," archaeologist Liane Giemsch told National Geographic in 2018.

The Rosetta Stone unlocked Egypt's mysterious hieroglyphs.

The Rosetta stone was perhaps the most groundbreaking discovery that revolutionized our understanding of ancient Egyptian history and culture.

French scholar Jean-François Champollion translated the stone's text in 1822, which turned out to be a key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs . For centuries, archeologists had stared at these pictograms and characters without many clues to their meaning.

"We knew there were big civilizations, like Egypt, but they'd fallen silent," Egyptologist John Ray told Smithsonian Magazine in 2007. "With the cracking of the Rosetta Stone, they could speak with their own voice and suddenly whole areas of history were revealed."

After finding a list of pharaohs, Champollion translated the names of Cleopatra, Ramesses, and other important figures . The document showed just how far back Egypt's history stretched, thousands of years further into the past than was previously thought.

Today, the Rosetta Stone is in the British Museum, and Egypt has demanded its return .

Archaeologists are still trying to determine when the first humans reached the America's.

How and when people first came to the Americas is a question archaeologists have long tried to answer.

One of the most significant initial discoveries on that front was found in 1929 at a site near Clovis, New Mexico.

Mammoth bones and stone tools at the site date back to 13,000 years ago. The dates matched with when glaciers started melting in northern North America, and experts believed that's when the first Americans arrived across the Bering land bridge .

However, numerous discoveries in recent decades have pushed the timeline back even further. For example, archaeologists found older artifacts at a 14,500-year-old site in Chile.

And a 2018 genetics study suggests ancient humans may have been living in Alaska around 25,000 years ago, millennia earlier than previously thought.

Experts in the archaeological community don't all agree on the exact dates, but general estimates for humans' arrival in the Americas are between 20,000 to 15,000 years ago.

Sutton Hoo proved there were no "Dark Ages."

The "Dark Ages" is an outdated term that once referred to the early Middle Ages in Europe. An archaeological site in Suffolk, England, known as Sutton Hoo , helped shed light on this era of British history and helped put the myth of the unsophisticated "Dark Ages" to rest.

In the 1930s, Edith Pretty wanted to know about the large mounds on her property and brought in Basil Brown, a local archaeologist . They turned out to be an ancient graveyard containing remains of a wooden ship belonging to an Anglo-Sazon warrior king who died around 625. The burial mound was full of jewelry, coins, and other artifacts.

Experts at the time didn't expect to find such well-made goods from an era that was supposed to be a decline from the days of the Roman Empire .

"The quality and quantity of the artifacts found inside the burial chamber were of such technical artistry that it changed our understanding of this period," curator Sue Brunning told Smithsonian Magazine in 2021.

Volunteers and experts continue to uncover finds at Sutton Hoo.

LiDAR has revealed lost monuments and civilizations.

In recent decades, LiDAR technology has transformed some aspects of archaeology. Short for Light Detection and Ranging, LiDAR uses a laser, scanner, and GPS receiver typically mounted on aircraft to collect data and create three-dimensional maps of the landscape and archaeological features. It's especially useful in areas covered in vegetation.

LiDAR can reveal previously unknown sites. In Guatemala and Mexico, for example, archaeologists have found the remains of many Maya cities and structures. Until the new technology started uncovering tens of thousands of structures, researchers had no idea how complex and far-reaching these civilizations were.

"Everything is larger, more extensive, more deeply built and engineered than we had thought," Brown anthropologist Stephen Houston said in a 2018 statement about 64,000 dwellings found via LiDAR in Guatemala. "In some areas, there are denser populations than previously imagined; other regions seem absolutely desolate."

Archaeologist Chris Fisher wants to use LiDAR to make a 3D image of Earth to preserve images of glaciers, forests, and other natural features as well as these ancient settlements and monuments. Sea-level rise, melting ice, and other climate change threaten many archaeological sites, including those yet to be discovered.

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Title: using a negative spatial auto-correlation index to evaluate and improve intrinsic tagmap's multi-scale visualization capabilities.

Abstract: The popularity of tag clouds has sparked significant interest in the geographic research community, leading to the development of map-based adaptations known as intrinsic tag maps. However, existing methodologies for tag maps primarily focus on tag layout at specific scales, which may result in large empty areas or close proximity between tags when navigating across multiple scales. This issue arises because initial tag layouts may not ensure an even distribution of tags with varying sizes across the region. To address this problem, we incorporate the negative spatial auto-correlation index into tag maps to assess the uniformity of tag size distribution. Subsequently, we integrate this index into a TIN-based intrinsic tag map layout approach to enhance its ability to support multi-scale visualization. This enhancement involves iteratively filtering out candidate tags and selecting optimal tags that meet the defined index criteria. Experimental findings from two representative areas (the USA and Italy) demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in enhancing multi-scale visualization capabilities, albeit with trade-offs in compactness and time efficiency. Specifically, when retaining the same number of tags in the layout, our approach achieves higher compactness but requires more time. Conversely, when reducing the number of tags in the layout, our approach exhibits reduced time requirements but lower compactness. Furthermore, we discuss the effectiveness of various applied strategies aligned with existing approaches to generate diverse intrinsic tag maps tailored to user preferences. Additional details and resources can be found on our project website: this https URL .

Comments:	39 pages,10 figures, an accepted version of Journal Cartography and Geographic Information Science
Subjects:	Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC); Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
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Research and development, in industry, two intimately related processes by which new products and new forms of old products are brought into being through technological innovation. Research and development, a phrase unheard of in the early part of the 20th century, has since become a universal.

Research and development (R&D or R+D) [1] is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. [2][3][4] R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.

This paper is a short history of categories used to talk about science, technology and innovation seen through the lens of definitions used for statistical purposes. 1 We begin by asking what research is, and explain why, over time, research and development (R&D) reached and held the central place in discourses and policies on science, technology and innovation. Here, we outline how the D got ...

R&D as a Counterpart for Design and Development (D+D) A familiarity with Design and Development (D+D) provides a better understanding about R&D 20 10 fDesign versus Science • To have a better understanding of Design we first my look at Science. • Science is systematic investigation to have a better understanding of an existing phenomenon.

On the one hand, development refers to an actual historical and material occurrence: a significant change in the economic, social, political, and cultural conditions affecting large groups of people. On the other hand, development can be conceived of as a construct, mental picture, or theory about such change.

November 11, 2013 History of Technology in the United States, an editorial project currently occupying much of my time. Although the essay is drawn substantially from secondary sources and from re ily accessible government dat Research and Development in the United States since 1900:

In reviewing the evolution of development studies, this article identifies three distinct traditions in teaching and research on development studies: international, national and global. Scholars an...

The chapter examines the history and evolution of development doctrine. It suggests that the selection and adoption of a development strategy depend upon three building blocks: (1) the prevailing development objectives which, in turn, are derived from the prevailing view and definition of the development process; (2) the conceptual state of the ...

ABSTRACT This bold and ambitious handbook is the first systematic overview of the history of development ideas, themes, and actors in the twentieth century. Taking stock of the field, the book reflects on blind spots, points out avenues for future research, and brings together a greater plurality of regions, actors, and approaches than other publications on the subject.

His main research interest is the history of development as idea and in practice, with the long-term development history of Tanzania and the formation of Finnish development policy as the main empirical cases.

Research is vital to address emerging and ongoing risks such as artificial intelligence and nuclear weapons. This page contains all of our data, visualizations, and writing on research, development, and innovation.

From pioneering inventions to bold scientific and medical advancements, find out more about 11 innovations that changed the course of human history.

Traditionally, research into contemporary economic development has taken a primarily ahistorical approach. The study of the past was relegated to the separate field of economic history, and connections between historical factors and present-day economic outcomes were seldom made. In recent decades, there has been a rapidly growing body of ...

Overview This guide is an introduction to selected resources available for historical research. It covers both primary sources (such as diaries, letters, newspaper articles, photographs, government documents and first-hand accounts) and secondary materials (such as books and articles written by historians and devoted to the analysis and interpretation of historical events and evidence).

Office of Scientific Research and Development. The Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD) was an agency of the United States federal government created to coordinate scientific research for military purposes during World War II. Arrangements were made for its creation during May 1941, and it was created formally by Executive ...

Training and development research has a long tradition within applied psychology dating back to the early 1900s. Over the years, not only has interest in the topic grown but there have been dramatic changes in both the science and practice of training and development. In the current article, we examine the evolution of training and development research using articles published in the Journal ...

Highlights • Research and Development (R&D) has become the fundamental engine to creating sustainable innovations. • Recent R&D efforts have struggled to provide widespread life-altering results. • We propose a sustainability pathway model to achieving economically viable sustainable innovation system. • We present a set of propositions that highlights opportunities for reflection on ...

The consensus among scholars and policy-makers that 'institutions matter' for development has led inexorably to a conclusion that 'history matters', since institutions clearly form and evolve ove...

Developmental psychology has a long history of research on other cultures and on various levels of social context influencing development, ranging from immediate family contexts to governmental institutions (e.g., Bronfenbrenner, 1979 ).

In March 1994, a merger of Medical Research and Development Command, the United States Army Medical Materiel Agency and the Health Facilities Planning Agency resulted in creation of the Medical Research, Development, Acquisition and Logistics Command (MRDALC), subordinate to the then provisional MEDCOM. The MRDALC was soon renamed the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC).

HI481 History Research Seminar: Topic Development. Home; Topic Development; Interlibrary Loan; Periodicals; Citation Generators This link opens in a new window; Print Books; Preliminary Research. After selecting a preliminary topic it's a good idea to do a preliminary search on your topic. Wikipedia is a good place to start for gathering ...

Similarly, cognitive psychology research has the potential to identify new ways to improve productivity in the workplace. Healthcare and medical environments can also benefit from research in this field. Cognitive psychology findings can help to assist and support the development of therapeutic interventions for a variety of patient concerns:

Archaeologists study artifacts, monuments, and other remains to get a better sense of human history. What they discover often rewrites humans' past and changes the way we think about our species.

Tufts Archival Research Center (TARC) is the archives and manuscript repository of Tufts University and is open to the public. TARC's team of professional archivists provides stewardship for the Tufts University Archives, nearly three hundred manuscript collections, and other permanently valuable physical and digital archival materials.

With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries.

The popularity of tag clouds has sparked significant interest in the geographic research community, leading to the development of map-based adaptations known as intrinsic tag maps. However, existing methodologies for tag maps primarily focus on tag layout at specific scales, which may result in large empty areas or close proximity between tags when navigating across multiple scales. This issue ...

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3,454 reviews. #30 of 126 Restaurants in Whitby $$ - $$$, Seafood, British, Vegetarian Friendly. 7 Pier Road, Whitby YO21 3PU England. +44 7827 388222 + Add website. Closed now See all hours.
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The Whitby Yacht Club is a member-owned and operated boating facility on Lake Ontario. Founded in 1966, WYC. is surrounded by water and features a wide range of. services and programs. WYC is the perfect getaway and attracts residents from Durham Region and beyond. Several membership options are available along with many programs and services.
Whitby Yacht Club, Whitby, North Yorkshire
Whitby Yacht Club. Established in 1932 Whitby Yacht Club provides a full programme of sailing and powerboating throughout the season, April to October. There is a friendly and adventurous cruising section with racing catered for by a wide-ranging series of competitions and events. Whitby Yacht Club prides itself on its welcoming atmosphere and ...
6 Of The Best Whitby Restaurants With A View The Yorkshireman
The Marine Hotel, 13 Marine Parade, Whitby, North Yorkshire, YO21 3PR. 2. The Fisherman's Wife - Whitby Restaurants With A View. The Fisherman's Wife is an amazing fish & chips spot in Whitby with some of the best sea views on the bay. And, with 50 years of experience you know your getting some of the finest and freshest produce in the UK.
THE JOLLY SAILORS, Whitby
The Jolly Sailors. Claimed. Review. Share. 430 reviews. #63 of 126 Restaurants in Whitby £, Bar, British, Pub. 13 St. Annes Staith, Whitby YO21 3PW England. +44 1947 605999 + Add website. Closed now See all hours.
ABBEY WHARF, Whitby
2,148 reviews. #61 of 126 Restaurants in Whitby ₹₹ - ₹₹₹, Steakhouse, Bar, Seafood. Market Place, Whitby YO22 4DD England. +44 1947 600306 + Add website. Closed now See all hours.
WHITBY YACHT CLUB
1 review of Whitby Yacht Club "My son has been going to the summer camps for seven years. I can't say enough good things about this gem of a summer sailing program. From intro sailing for little kids (called Mosquitos) to more advanced sailing programs (White Sail) to advanced sailing techniques and racing (Broze, Silver, Gold), the WYC is a superb place for smart, active, eager kids who love ...
About Whitby Yacht Club
Whitby Yacht Club (WYC) was formed in June 1932 at a meeting of 7 gentlemen in the Custom House Hotel (now known as the Dolphin Hotel) in Bridge Street, Whitby. In the early days, many members' boats were ex-ships' lifeboats powered by Ford Model T engines. After 2 years the membership had increased and it was necessary to move to larger ...
Whitby Yacht Club
The Whitby Yacht Club is an established yachting club located in the historic Whitby Harbour overlooking the beautiful Lake Ontario. Whitby Yacht Club set a course in 1966 to build an active and comprehensive yachting facility for members of all ages. Today the WYC holds true to that course. We have established a premier social and recreational ...
About
The Whitby Yacht Club was established in 1966 by community minded residents with a shared passion for being 'on the water'. Today, WYC is the preeminent boating facility east of the GTA. Offering nearly 300 fully serviced slips for boats up to 40', we are sure to have a home for your boat. WYC also offers other membership options such as Dry-sail and Dinghy.
whitby yacht club restaurant
The Whitby Yacht Club was established in 1966 by community minded residents with a shared passion for being 'on the water'. Today, WYC is the preeminent boating facility east of t
Webcam
Whitby Yacht Club Web Cam #grid-gallery-8-43177 .grid-gallery-caption[data-grid-gallery-type="show-on-hover"] figcaption { background-color:#000000 !important ...
Webcam Whitby, Borough of Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Yorkshire and
Web camera Whitby, Borough of Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Yorkshire and the Humber, England - View of the city and the River Esk from the restaurant - Quayside: Views: 508: Region: Great Britain / England: Temperature: 15.4°C (59.6°F) Time: 2024-09-07 02:40:52 (BST) Coordinates: 54°29'18.8'' N / -0°36'54.5'' E: Source: https://www ...
2024 Shark 24 World Championship
The Whitby Yacht Club is proud to be hosting this gathering of enthusiastic Shark 24 sailors from North America and Europe in 2024. ... Registration Entry List . Official Notice Board Results Whitby Yacht Club. Our Location. 701 Gordon Street, Whitby, Ontario, L1N 5S4. Canada. Email: [email protected]. Tel:905-668-1391. Contact Us. Name. Email ...
Webcam and Whitby
The webcam changes position approximately every 45 seconds to give you a fascinating tour of Whitby habour. There are 3 positions: 1. a view up-river towards the famous old swing bridge, 2, a view along Pier Road towards the lighthouses and the North Sea, 3. a view across the harbour towards the Abbey, St. Mary's church, and the 199 steps.
Yacht club "Novo-rozhdestvenno" in Moscow region
Yacht club "Novo-Rozhdestvenno" is located on the spit of the rivers Moscow and Bykovka - Moscow. ... Our restaurant for weddings and celebrations in the yacht club ``Novo-Rozhdestvenno`` meets all the criteria and is ideal for this. Our restaurant employs only top-class chefs who can prepare a banquet for you for any number of persons.
Fine dining at the 5-star Ritz-Carlton Moscow Hotel
A sumptuous buffet breakfast for all guests is served daily between 7:00am and 11:00am in the main restaurant. 24-hour room service is also available, with an extensive menu of luxury snacks and fine alcohol. Novikov Restaurant. The Novikov Restaurant at the Ritz-Carlton Moscow Hotel, offers top quality Pan-Asian cuisine with an Italian twist. ...
Janus Restaurant at Moscow's Hilton Leningradskaya Hotel
The Hilton Moscow Leningradskaya's Janus Restaurant is a traditionally styled dining room with attractive Gothic carved ceilings and pristine white walls and linen. The menu serves up classic Russian haute cuisine and a few more contemporary authorial dishes, with an impressive wine list to accompany it. Buffet breakfast is served in the Janus ...